Spokane Valley Ears, Nose and Throat

What is Pediatric Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery?

An otolaryngologist - head and neck surgeon is a Medical Doctor who specializes in disorders of the head and neck, especially those related to the ear, nose and throat. The specialty encompasses cosmetic facial tumors of the head and neck, management of ear disease and hearing loss, endoscopic examination of air and food passages, and the care of sinus, laryngeal and thyroid disorders.

Otolaryngology has thus evolved into a multi faceted specialty caring for patients of all ages who have a variety of disorders of the head and neck. Several factors underlie the need for a group of otolaryngologists with special training and credentials to care for pediatric patients. These include the unique differences between children and adults in the areas of oncology, otoneurology, voice and speech and language disorders. The development of a defined body of knowledge in the areas of pediatric oncology, otology, laryngobronchoesophagology, and communication disorders has stimulated the development of this specialty of pediatric otolaryngology.

The definition of the primary specialty of otolaryngology includes pediatric otolaryngology as one of its components. Otolaryngologists who are Diplomates of the American Board of Otolaryngology, are expected to be qualified to manage the more commonly encountered and less complex problems of the pediatric age group. The Board therefore, intends to grant a certificate of added qualifications in Pediatric Otolaryngology only to those, who by means of additional specialized education, have clearly demonstrated their dedication and qualifications in the discipline, which are indeed very special and are above and beyond those expected of other certified otolaryngologists.

Hearing Loss in Children

Hearing loss in children can be frightening and confusing to parents.
Children with otitis media (ear infection) or otitis media with effusion (OME)
(fluid in the ear), may have temporary hearing loss due to the fluid in the middle ear. Upon removal of the fluid, hearing usually returns to normal.

This is known as conductive hearing loss. This usually means that sound
waves which hit the ear drum have a difficult time being transmitted from the ear drum into the inner ear (hearing nerve). Sensorineural hearing loss means the
sound reaches the inner ear, but some defect in the hearing organ (cochlea),
nerve, or brain is the cause of the hearing loss.

A less common form of hearing loss is known as mixed hearing loss. In this
form of hearing loss, there are components of both conductive hearing loss and
sensorineural (nerve) hearing loss.

Sensorineural hearing loss is present in about 40,000 newborns each year.
It is estimated that one in every 1,000 newborns has significant hearing loss.
Fifty percent of these children with hearing loss have hereditary hearing loss.
Of these, one third have a syndrome associated with their hearing loss and
usually have identifiable physical features which may alert the parents or
physician to seek evaluation. The remaining two thirds of these children has
a hearing loss for which a cause cannot be discovered.

The joint committee on infant hearing has identified ten risk factors for
newborn hearing loss:

Family history of hearing loss,
In utero infection,
Craniofacial anomalies,
Hyperbilirubinemia requiring exchange transfusion,
Birth weight less than 1500 grams,
Bacterial meningitis,
Apgar scores of 0 to 4 at one minute or 0 to 6 at five minutes,
Ototoxic medications,
Mechanical ventilation (greater than five days),
Physical appearance of known syndrome.

Of those children with hearing loss associated with a known syndrome,
advancement in the fields of genetics and molecular biology have allowed us to
identify many of these syndromes. Sixty to 70% of these children have autosomal
recessive hearing impairment, making it the most common pattern of transmission. In these cases, the parents have normal hearing but carry the recessive gene, and there is a 25% chance of the children being affected. The three mode of transmission is autosomal dominant inheritance, which accounts for the other 20 - 30% of cases. In this instance, one parent usually has hearing impairment and carries the abnormal gene, and there is a 50% chance that their children will be affected. A small percentage of hereditary hearing impairment is due to x-linked abnormalities. Because girls have two x chromosomes and boys only have one, x-linked disorders are "carried" by girls and "show-up" in boys.

The terms hereditary and familial are sometimes confusing to many parents. When a disorder is hereditary, we mean to say that there is an identifiable genetic basis for the disorder. There is usually an inheritance pattern that is recognizable by examining family history and seeing a definite pattern. However, when a disorder appears to be more common in a certain family but shows no definitive pattern of inheritance, we call this familial. In hereditary disorders, a percentage of affected children can be predicted. In familial disorders, affected individuals appear randomly and cannot be predicted.

Common Types of Hereditary Hearing Impairment

Autosomal Recessive
- Usher syndrome
- Pendred syndrome
- Jervell and Lang-Nielson syndrome
Autosomal Dominant
- Treacher-Collins syndrome
- Goldenhar syndrome
- Waardenburg syndrome
- branchio-oto-renal syndrome
- neurofibromatosis type II
- otosclerosis
- Alport syndrome
- autosomal dominant delayed (late) progressive sensorineural hearing
  impairment.
X-linked Disorders
- Alport syndrome
- X-linked mixed hearing impairment with stapes fixation and perilymphatic
  gusher.

Hereditary causes of hearing loss are suspected in all cases of hearing
impairment. Two factors which increase levels of suspicion are U-shaped audiograms and consanguinity of the parents (parents related before marriage). In general, the younger the child upon diagnosis and the less apparent the alternative causes, the more likely the diagnosis is of hereditary hearing impairment. A hereditary cause, however, must be considered even in adolescents and young adults because hereditary hearing impairment can occur with delayed onset. When hereditary hearing impairment is suspected, parents and siblings of the affected patient should also have audiologic testing.

Testing for hearing loss

There are no blood tests which are available to diagnose specific type of hearing loss. Your physician will probably order a hearing assessment by audiogram or ABR (auditory brain stem response). In addition, vestibular testing (testing of the balance system) may also be recommended. Although no specific blood test may identify hearing loss, some testing may be suggested by your physician and may include urinalysis (Alport syndrome), thyroid function studies (Pendred syndrome), EKG (JLN syndrome), ophthalmologic exam (Usher syndrome), computerized tomography (CT scan) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Selected Disorders

Otosclerosis - Otosclerosis is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder. It is a relatively common progressive disease of the middle ear. It may first become apparent with conductive hearing loss due to stapes (stirrup bone) fixation, but may progress to include sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing can usually be restored by surgery.

Treacher-Collins syndrome - Treacher-Collins is an autosomal dominant disorder. There is a characteristic appearance in this syndrome, and usually one parent will closely resemble the child. Abnormalities of the ear may include a small external ear, ear tag or narrowing and/or complete absence of the external ear canal. Other findings may include malformed middle ear bones. Conductive hearing loss is the most common hearing problem.

Goldenhar syndrome - Physical findings in this case may be one sided and may include the jawbone, ear, palate and the voice box. Hearing loss is usually conductive in nature.

Waardenburg syndrome - This syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with some facial findings as well as hair hypopigmentation (white forelock or early graying of the hair). Hearing loss in Waardenburg syndrome may range from mild to profound and may be one sided or effects both ears. It is usually sensorineural in character.

Branchio-Oto-Renal syndrome - This syndrome is an autosomal dominant
syndrome with association between ear deformity (40%), hearing impairment and renal dysplasia. Mixed hearing loss (nerve and conductive) is most common.
Usher syndrome - Usher syndrome is autosomal recessive. This disorder usually is characterized by fairly profound congenital deafness and may or may not have abnormal balance function. These patients may eventually also suffer severe visual impairment and suffer from rhinitis pigmentosa.

Pendred syndrome - Pendred syndrome an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by thyroid enlargement and sensorineural type hearing loss. In more than half the patients, hearing loss is severe to profound, progressive and involve both ears.

Jervell and Lang-Nielsen syndrome - In this syndrome which is also autosomal recessive, there may be a history of syncopal episodes in a congenitally deaf child. Associated abnormalities on an EKG would be diagnostic.
Alport syndrome - Alport syndrome is a x-link disorder that usually involves congenital sensorineural hearing impairment and nephritis. Because it is x-linked, mothers are usually carriers without the disease, and the syndrome is more severe in males.

The diagnoses of these hereditary hearing loss syndromes as well as non-hereditary hearing loss involves careful history taking and physical examination as well as testing. Your physician will suggest selected laboratory and x-ray studies based on the physical examination and history involving your particular child. Only some of the laboratory or x-ray studies listed above will be done on your child as not all of these tests may be appropriate in your situation. Therefore, selection of these particular studies is best decided on an individual basis.